Asthma
What Is Asthma?
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways in the lungs, causing them to become inflamed, narrow, and produce excess mucus. This leads to difficulty in breathing, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. Asthma can range in severity from mild to life-threatening and often varies from person to person. It can be triggered by environmental factors, infections, or physical activity. Although it cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed with appropriate treatment and lifestyle adjustments.
What Are the Causes of Asthma?
Asthma is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common causes and triggers include:
- Allergens – such as pollen, dust mites, mould, pet dander
- Respiratory infections – especially viral illnesses like colds or flu
- Air pollutants – including smoke, fumes, or chemical exposure
- Exercise-induced asthma – triggered by physical activity
- Weather conditions – cold air, high humidity, or sudden temperature changes
- Medications – such as aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Emotional stress – anxiety or intense emotions can provoke symptoms
What Are the Symptoms of Asthma?
Asthma symptoms can be occasional or persistent and may worsen at night or in the early morning. Common symptoms include:
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing – a whistling sound when exhaling
- Coughing – particularly at night or early morning
- Chest tightness or pain
- Fatigue – due to poor sleep from breathing difficulties
Symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may flare up suddenly during an asthma attack.
How Is Asthma Diagnosed?
Asthma is diagnosed based on a patient’s medical history, physical examination, and lung function tests. Diagnostic methods may include:
- Spirometry – measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly
- Peak flow monitoring – tracks daily lung function
- Allergy testing – to identify triggers
- Methacholine challenge test – used if initial tests are inconclusive
What Are the Treatment Options for Asthma?
Asthma treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and preventing flare-ups. Options include:
- Inhaled corticosteroids – reduce airway inflammation (e.g., fluticasone)
- Bronchodilators – relieve symptoms by relaxing airway muscles (e.g., salbutamol)
- Combination inhalers – contain both corticosteroids and bronchodilators
- Allergy treatments – including antihistamines or allergy injections
- Lifestyle management – avoiding known triggers, regular monitoring, and vaccinations against respiratory infections